--- title: Precast, Prestressed Concrete FAQs | PCI Mid-Atlantic description: Need answers to frequently asked precast questions? PCI-MA organized FAQs by topic and product category for your convenience. --- [![Mid-Atlantic_PCI_Logo_Horizontal@2x](https://info.pci-ma.org/hubfs/membership-event-email/Mid-Atlantic_PCI_Logo_Horizontal@2x.png "Mid-Atlantic_PCI_Logo_Horizontal@2x")](https://www.pci.org/pcimidatlantic) - [Sign In](https://www.pci.org/PCIMidAtlantic/PCI/Sign_In.aspx?LoginRedirect=true&returnurl=%2FPCIMidAtlantic&hkey=0e9acad2-3d69-4d3c-9189-a78c4a05d0a7) - [Career Center](https://info.pci-ma.org/career-center?__hstc=240419740.7e609609821f16f587dd1f0b1065698f.1690826944359.1694797450676.1694801403230.8&__hssc=240419740.547524854754.1694801403230&__hsfp=551255700) - [FAQ's](https://info.pci-ma.org/faq?__hstc=240419740.7e609609821f16f587dd1f0b1065698f.1690826944359.1694797450676.1694801403230.8&__hssc=240419740.5475248547544855000.1694801403230&__hsfp=551255700) - [Members](https://info.pci-ma.org/member-engagement) - [About](https://www.pci.org/PCIMidAtlantic/About/PCIMidAtlantic/Members/About.aspx) - [Design](https://www.pci.org/PCIMidAtlantic/Design/PCI/Design_Resources/Design.aspx) - [Certification](https://www.pci.org/PCIMidAtlantic/Certification/PCI/PCI-Certification/PCI_Certification.aspx) - [Education](https://www.pci.org/PCIMidAtlantic/Education/PCIMidAtlantic/Education/Education.aspx) - [Events](https://www.pci.org/PCIMidAtlantic/News_Events/PCIMidAtlantic/Calendar.aspx) - [Blog](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog) - [Directories](https://www.pci.org/PCIMidAtlantic/Directories/PCIMidAtlantic/Directories.aspx?) # Frequently Asked Questions by Topic Need answers to commonly asked questions about precast, prestressed concrete? We can help! ## CONTINUING EDUCATION & PLANT TOURS How can I earn continuing education credit? [Schedule a continuing education program](https://info.pci-ma.org/continuing-education?hsLang=en) with PCI today. Access a [complete library of on-demand courses](https://oasis.pci.org/Public/Catalog/Home.aspx?Criteria=126&Option=377&tab=2) and [register for free live and recorded webinars](https://www.pci.org/PCIMidAtlantic/Education/Webinars.aspx) on construction industry topics, many of which offer AIA, HSW, and PDH continuing education credit. For DOTs and engineering consultants, learn more about PCI transportation publications and on-demand transportation system courses in the [Transportation Publications and Online Resources Catalog](https://info.pci-ma.org/hubfs/2021%20Transportation_Catalog_.pdf?__hstc=234636161.3a4b34a04b7e3c702ae658ac69fb1441.1621249960946.1621249960946.1621249960946.1&__hssc=234636161.175181.1621249757354&__hsfp=3537906334&hsCtaTracking=2f11f458-2cb0-4b5a-a6b7-7be104e78dd7%7C6474d8f1-e76c-471f-b711-3a0743b37ba5&hsLang=en). How do I schedule a plant visit of a PCI-certified facility? How do I find precast concrete producers and bidders? [Contact us](https://www.pci.org/PCIMidAtlantic/Contact.aspx) and we will facilitate a plant tour at a manufacturing facility for design professionals and college students. [Browse our directories for PCI-certified plants and producer members, a PCI-MA producer map, and the products produced at their locations.](https://www.pci.org/PCIMidAtlantic/Directories/PCIMidAtlantic/Directories.aspx?hkey=00828017-99fb-4bd6-b950-a1961d221bf2) **To learn more about our continuing education and plant tours, read our[FAQ blog here](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog/faq-continuing-education-plant-tours?hsLang=en)**   ## PCI CERTIFICATION & ARCHITECTURAL CERTIFICATION PROGRAM UPDATES What is PCI certification? [PCI Certification](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog/the-pci-architectural-certification-program-for-precast-pci-mid-atlantic?hsLang=en) is recognized as the leading quality-assurance program in the construction industry. It is specified by MasterSpec, United Facilities Guide Specifications, the General Services Administration, more than 30 state DOTs, and more. It’s also endorsed by the Federal Highway Administration. Learn more about [Plant, Erector, and Personnel Certification](https://www.pci.org/PCIMS/PCI/PCI-Certification/PCI_Certification_Overview.aspx) and get started today. Here are additional resources and photos to provide more detail into the Architectural Certification Program: - [PCI Architectural Certification Program Supplemental Requirements](https://www.pci.org/PCI_Docs/Certification/Arch/ARCH-CERT19x3716_ArchCert_Program.pdf) - [PCI Architectural Certification Brochure](https://www.pci.org/PCI_Docs/Certification/Arch/PCI%20Arch%20Cert%20Brochure.pdf) - [PCI Mid-Atlantic Architectural Certification Guide](https://info.pci-ma.org/hubfs/Guide-%20The%20PCI%20Architectural%20Certification%20Program_v5%20041921.pdf?__hstc=234636161.3a4b34a04b7e3c702ae658ac69fb1441.1621249960946.1621249960946.1621249960946.1&__hssc=&__hsfp=&hsCtaTracking=31af8020-1476-4fc1-aa78-915332b0b977%7C152d1365-578c-4ef6-aa05-255853435a81&hsLang=en) - [FAQ Blog Series Part 9](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog/architectural-certification-program-updates?hsLang=en) Are 3D/BIM requirements part of the Architectural Certification Program? Precast concrete producers certified in Categories AA and AB are required to provide 3D/BIM precast concrete submittal drawings when required by specifications. Will all previous A1 producers be qualified into all the new Architectural Certification Categories? No. Each architectural precast concrete producer will be certified into a new Architectural Certification Category that reflects the capabilities demonstrated by the facility. ## Precast Concrete Design Options/Aesthetic Versatility/Appearance What design options are possible with precast cladding and building enclosure panels? Precast concrete offers a virtually unlimited palette of options for creating unique aesthetic treatments. Learn more about the aesthetic versatility of precast in our  [**blog,**](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog/design-options-with-precast-cladding-and-building-enclosure-panels?hsLang=en)[case studies](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog?__hstc=240419740.563e620127c6ab1d0ffb04c1057c2553.1621249757354.1621258453613.1621263908922.3&__hssc=240419740.1.1621263908922&__hsfp=3537906334&hsLang=en), and [project profiles](https://www.pci.org/PCIMidAtlantic/projectprofiles?__hstc=234636161.3a4b34a04b7e3c702ae658ac69fb1441.1621249960946.1621249960946.1621249960946.1&__hssc=234636161.2.134133214013321e+28.1621263908922&__hsfp=3537906334). PCI developed several Designer’s Notebooks that can help you get started. These publications are available for download in PDF format and free of charge. - [Designer’s Notebooks: Design Aesthetics](https://www.pci.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=DN-27&Category=FREE&WebsiteKey=5a7b2064-98c2-4c8e-9b4b-18c80973da1e) - [Designer’s Notebooks: Corners and Returns](https://www.pci.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=DN-06&Category=FREE&WebsiteKey=5a7b2064-98c2-4c8e-9b4b-18c80973da1e) - [Designer’s Notebooks: Terra Cotta-Faced Precast Concrete](https://www.pci.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=DN-35&Category=FREE&WebsiteKey=5a7b2064-98c2-4c8e-9b4b-18c80973da1e) - [Designer’s Notebooks: Formliners and Lettering for Architectural Precast Concrete](https://www.pci.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=DN-34&Category=FREE&WebsiteKey=5a7b2064-98c2-4c8e-9b4b-18c80973da1e) - [Designer’s Notebooks: Connections](https://www.pci.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=DN-32&Category=FREE&WebsiteKey=5a7b2064-98c2-4c8e-9b4b-18c80973da1e) What is efflorescence on precast concrete and how can it be minimized? Efflorescence usually occurs due to the presence of soluble substances in the materials used to produce concrete. Though generally harmless from a structural viewpoint, efflorescence often appears within the first year after the structure is completed and is due to relative humidity, temperature, air movement, permeability, and the texture of the concrete surface. To reduce or eliminate the potential for efflorescence on your project, consult your local precast producer on your next project for mix and formulation strategies and download the [PCI MNL-122 Manual for Architectural Precast Concrete](https://www.pci.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=MNL-122-07&Category=FREE) for more details. ## Precast Manufacturing Process & Materials How is precast concrete made? Precast concrete is made in a factory-controlled environment, where a dedicated batch plant produces a specially designed concrete for precast concrete products such as structural beams, columns, double tees, architectural cladding, and wall systems. To get a high-level overview of what precast concrete is, manufacturing process steps, and typical building applications, download the [Precast 101 eBook](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog/precast-101-discover-benefits-of-precast-pci-mid-atlantic?hsLang=en). What is the difference between concrete and cement? Cement is just one ingredient of concrete. While the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, concrete and cement are not the same. Concrete is a building material and composite of aggregates, including sand, gravel, cement, water, and other materials. Learn about the properties of cement and other materials in our [blog](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog/faq-manufacturing-concrete-terms-pci-mid-atlantic?hsLang=en).   ## Precast Concrete Installation/Erection What are installation considerations when designing with precast concrete? Logistics, equipment, coordination, and connections. These considerations can sometimes constrain and drive product design size, weight limits, and costs. Get all the details in a [blog](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog/faq-installation-erection-considerations-pci-ma?hsLang=en) on key considerations for precast installation. What are common connection types? Gravity, lateral, and seismic connections, including bridging components needed (miscellaneous steel needed from structural steel/CIP to precast products). Visit [our website](https://www.pci.org/PCI/Design/Building_Engineering_Resources/Connections/PCI/Design_Resources/Building_Engineering_Resources/Connections.aspx?hkey=fd42864e-0d84-4d95-ad38-32189ba01fc8) for information. The A/E drawings should include basic/generic types and quantities; final engineered design of connections is delegated to the Producer. A/E design should understand and delineate the basic types of connections needed. These publications are available for download. - [PCI Connections Manual for Precast & Prestressed Concrete Construction](https://www.pci.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=EPUB-MNL-13808E&Category=EPUB) - [Designer’s Notebooks: Connections](https://www.pci.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=DN-32&Category=FREE&WebsiteKey=5a7b2064-98c2-4c8e-9b4b-18c80973da1e) (Free PDF Download) What are erection tolerances? Erection tolerances control the position of the individual precast concrete members as they are located and placed in the assembled structure. For information, check out PCI’s [Designer’s Notebooks: Envelope Tolerances for Architectural Precast](https://www.pci.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=DN-24&Category=FREE&WebsiteKey=5a7b2064-98c2-4c8e-9b4b-18c80973da1e), a free PDF download. To locate a PCI-Certified Erector in your state or region, please enter your search criteria to view results in the [PCI-Certified Erector Directory](https://www.pci.org/PCI/Directories/PCI_Certified_Erector_Search.aspx). ## Multi-Hazard Protection & Precast Concrete Performance How does precast concrete protect from external hazards? Very well. Precast concrete provides superior protection against severe weather events such as tornadoes, hurricanes, and floods. It can also stand up to flames, heat, and extreme blast forces from explosive devices. Read our [blog](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog/faq-multi-hazard-protection-precast-performance-pci-ma?hsLang=en) on multi-hazard protection and check out the resources below for more information. - [Impact Testing Video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zV9NAse0MSQ) - [Precast Concrete Blast Test](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZoqSOEXkdw) - [MNL-141 PCI Blast-Resistant Design Manual](https://www.pci.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=EPUB-MNL-141-12&Category=EPUB) What makes precast concrete so durable? The primary ingredients of concrete—sand, gravel, and cement—are mineral based. When mixed with water, the cement chemically reacts to create a crystalline matrix with a high compressive strength. Learn more about seismic building design in our [blog](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog/faq-multi-hazard-protection-precast-performance-pci-ma?hsLang=en). ## Sustainability Is precast concrete better for the environment? What is PCI’s position on sustainability? Precast is inherently more sustainable than other building materials. PCI supports green building practices and continually improves plant practices to reduce environmental impacts. Learn more about precast as a green building material and our contribution to LEED certification in our [blog](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog/sustainability?hsLang=en). How does precast contribute to LEED certification? Precast concrete helps achieve sustainability goals by contributing to recognized green building certification and rating systems. In terms of LEED v4.1 points by category, you can get up to 110 points when specifying precast concrete. Are there environmental product declarations available for precast products? Industry-wide, cradle-to-gate EPDs for precast concrete manufactured by PCI and CPCI, and members are available for Structural Precast and Architectural and Insulated Precast. These declarations have been prepared in accordance with ISO 14025 and ISO 21930, [ASTM international’s EPD Program Operator Rules](https://www.astm.org/CERTIFICATION/filtrexx40.cgi?-P+PROG+7+cert_detail.frm). Download EPDs: - [EPD for Structural Precast](https://www.pci.org/PCI/PCI/Design_Resources/Sustainability_Resources/Environmental_Product_Declarations.aspx) - [EPD for Architectural and Insulated Precast](https://www.pci.org/PCI/PCI/Design_Resources/Sustainability_Resources/Environmental_Product_Declarations.aspx) ## Architectural Precast Concrete What is architectural precast concrete? The term “architectural precast concrete” refers to any precast concrete component that contributes to the architectural form and finished effect of the structure through application of shape, finish, color, or texture. Architectural precast components can be non-loadbearing cladding panels, part of the structural building frame, or small decorative trim between windows or within a brick façade. Refer to the New Classification Categories AA, AB, AC, AD, or AT. For more information, read our [blog](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog/faq-fridays-architectural-precast-concrete?hsLang=en) on Architectural Precast Concrete. There you will find details on specific measurements, finishes, joints and other information. Below are some additional Architectural Precast resources: - [MNL-135 Tolerance Manual for Precast and Prestressed Concrete Construction](https://www.pci.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=MNL-135-00&Category=FREE) - [Designer’s Notebooks: Envelope Tolerances for Architectural Precast](https://www.pci.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=DN-24&Category=FREE&WebsiteKey=5a7b2064-98c2-4c8e-9b4b-18c80973da1e) ## Insulated Wall Panels/Precast Concrete Sandwich Wall Panels What are precast insulated wall panels? Precast concrete insulated wall panels, also known as precast concrete sandwich panels, are complete, inclusive building enclosure products with water, vapor, and thermal barriers. They provide significant contributions toward reduced energy and operating costs, lower maintenance costs, improved functionality or productivity, and continued operational capability after a catastrophic event. Read more details about Insulated Wall Panels in part [11 of our FAQ Blog series](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog/faq-installation-erection-considerations-pci-ma?hsLang=en). You can also discover more benefits of insulated wall panels, how to avoid thermal bowing, and the differences between composite and non-composite wall panels in the following resources. - [Architectural Precast Concrete, 3rd Edition (MNL-122-07)](https://www.pci.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=MNL-122-07H&Category=ARCH&WebsiteKey=5a7b2064-98c2-4c8e-9b4b-18c80973da1e) - [Designer’s Notebooks: Energy Conservation and Condensation Control](https://www.pci.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=DN-15&Category=FREE&WebsiteKey=5a7b2064-98c2-4c8e-9b4b-18c80973da1e) - [Designer’s Notebooks: High Performance Precast Insulated Sandwich Wall Panels](https://www.pci.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=DN-23&Category=FREE&WebsiteKey=5a7b2064-98c2-4c8e-9b4b-18c80973da1e)   What R-value is possible with precast concrete insulated wall panels? A range of R-values can be obtained by varying the insulation thickness and material or, in some cases, by varying the unit weight of the concrete. The effects of thermal damping can vary with the climate and the building use. However, a concrete sandwich wall will almost always provide both reductions and delays of the peak loads affecting a building. Consult your local PCI-certified precaster regarding R-value requirements as well as panel design considerations for your next project. What type of wythe connectors are typically used in precast concrete sandwich wall panels? For non-composite and composite panels, it is important that two concrete wythes are connected using a material that will not transfer and cause a thermal bridge while allowing for edge-to-edge continuous insulation. Commonly used non-conductive connectors are made of carbon or fiber-composite. What about thermal bridging and joints? Private studies have shown that the effect of joints and any thermal bridging is negligible if properly installed and maintained. The joints in precast systems are approximately ½-¾ inches wide, sealed with a silicone caulk and backer rod, with an air gap that provides adequate performance and doesn’t compromise the continuous insulation requirements. ## Hollow Core Plank/Roof and Floor Systems What kind of span lengths can be achieved with hollow core plank systems? The design recommendations for span lengths vary slightly from product to product, but here are a few general rules of thumb to keep in mind. If we assume a uniform superimposed load of 100 pounds per square foot and an un-topped system, these guidelines apply: - 6-inch depth hollow core plank: 22-foot spans - 8-inch depth hollow core plank: 29-foot spans - 10-inch depth hollow core plank: 35-foot spans - 12-inch depth hollow core plank: 40-foot spans - 16-inch depth hollow core plank: 50-foot spans For more information regarding hollow core plank design considerations, check out our [Hollow Core Roof and Floor Design Checklist](https://info.pci-ma.org/hubfs/Hollowcore_Floor_Design_Checklist_v3.pdf?hsLang=en) and learn all about hollow core slabs in our [blog](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog/hollow-core-plank-roof-and-floor-systems?hsLang=en). Should hollow core plank be used in an exterior application for balcony sections? Residential construction is an ideal application for hollow core plank. There’s the potential for problems with water infiltration and subsequent freeze/thaw damage in the hollow cores when used in an external application. All PCI-certified precasters of hollow core plank recommend that you specify that the cores be filled for the balcony area or plan for those pieces to be solid slab section. This is easily and commonly manufactured for high rise, multifamily residential projects. How do I determine the fire rating or resistance of hollow core plank? Should I specify a UL rating? A typical 8-inch-thick hollow core plank has a 2-hour fire rating. For a higher rating of 3-4 hours, typically a concrete or gypsum-based topping would be applied or a spray-on, fire resistant material can be added to the underside of the plank. This is also shown in the UL directory. Learn more in the resources below. - [MNL-124 Design for Fire Resistance of Precast/Prestressed Concrete](https://www.pci.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=EPUB-MNL-124-11&Category=EPUB) - [MNL-126 PCI Manual for the Design of Hollow Core Slabs and Walls](https://www.pci.org/ItemDetail?iProductCode=MNL-126-15H&Category=FIELD&WebsiteKey=5a7b2064-98c2-4c8e-9b4b-18c80973da1e) Should you caulk the underside joints of hollow core planks? This is only necessary if desired; for example, if the underside remains exposed and or painted. ## Parking Structures Can I use precast in Parking Structures? Yes! There is a lot to consider when it comes to building parking garages and complexes. Safety, traffic flow, design, and durability mark the beginning of key, determining factors for projects of this nature. Precast, prestressed concrete delivers a variety of benefits that ticks off requirements for parking structures in versatility, efficiency, and job site safety and durability. For more details and to learn more about precast in parking structures, read part 7 of our FAQ [blog](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog/precast-in-parking-structures?hsLang=en) Or download the [Parking Structures Design Considerations Checklist](https://info.pci-ma.org/hubfs/PCI-MA_Parking%20Checklist_v2.pdf?hsLang=en) to get started. [**Explore why more**](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog/precast-in-parking-structures?hsLang=en) **and more architects and construction teams are turning to precast concrete for parking structures in place of conventional building systems, so you can determine if it’s right for your next project.** ### Total Precast Structures/Systems What is a total precast structure (TPS)? TPS use precast concrete as the primary structural system of a building transferring roof, floor, and lateral loads. TPS include government and municipal projects, multifamily residential housing, mixed-use projects, education buildings such as dormitories, and many more. Learn more about TPS in our [blog](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog/faq-fridays-total-precast-structures?hsLang=en). What are the roles and responsibilities of team members when designing a TPS? Many firms using total precast concrete for the first time are unfamiliar with the responsibilities held by project stakeholders. Learn more about the roles of various team members in the [Total Precast Concrete Structures Responsibilities](https://info.pci-ma.org/hubfs/PCI-MA_Precast%20Concrete%20Structures%20Responsibilities%20Checklist_v1.pdf?hsLang=en) checklist. What does a TPS cost relative to alternative structural systems? TPS allow the architectural panels to serve structural functions, limiting the need for multiple materials and trades. This also shifts 75% of the labor and related risk from the jobsite to a quality-controlled precast concrete plant environment. When all hidden and long-term costs are included, precast concrete offers the best value and the highest return on investment. ### Transportation Structures/ Bridge Design Do you have resources available on transportation structures and bridge design? Learn more about precast concrete bridge design in [on-demand recordings and handouts](https://info.pci-ma.org/bridge-design-post-seminar?hsLang=en) from a three-session seminar jointly sponsored by the PCI Mid-Atlantic and PCI Northeast Chapters. [Part 12 of our FAQ Blog series](https://info.pci-ma.org/blog/faq-fridays-transportation-structures-bridge-design?hsLang=en)covers transportation structures and bridge design with an extensive list of available courses, materials and relevant topics including: - BIM - Design & Fabrication - Means & Methods - Materials - Decks, Girders & Beams - UHPC for Bridge Elements - Precast Foundations - NEXT Beam - And more Check out our [Transportation Catalog](https://info.pci-ma.org/hubfs/2021%20Transportation_Catalog_.pdf?hsLang=en), which features PCI publications and a comprehensive list of training courses in our [eLearning Center](https://oasis.pci.org/Public/Catalog/Home.aspx?tab=2).   [![](https://info.pci-ma.org/hubfs/membership-event-lp/facebook.png)](https://www.facebook.com/PCIMidAtlantic/) [![](https://info.pci-ma.org/hubfs/membership-event-lp/linkedin.png)](https://www.linkedin.com/company/pcimidatlantic) [![](https://info.pci-ma.org/hubfs/membership-event-lp/twitter.png)](https://twitter.com/pcimidatlantic) [![](https://info.pci-ma.org/hubfs/case-study-lp/youtube-square-new.png)](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyNLTmcgMT-NcHitiqQVfEQ) **Dawn Decker**, Executive Director, 717-682-1215, [E-mail](https://www.pci.org/PCIMidAtlantic/Contact.aspx) © 2023 Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute © PCI Mid-Atlantic Chapter 2024